Teamplaid:Lang

Template documentation[view] [edit] [history] [purge]

This template is used on a very large number of pages.
To avoid large-scale disruption and unnecessary server load, any changes to this template should first be tested in its /sandbox or /testcases subpages, or in your own user space. The tested changes can then be added to this page in one single edit. Please consider discussing any changes on the talk page before implementing them.

Uses Lua:

Module:Lang

The purpose of this template is to indicate that a span of text belongs to a particular language. It often makes no visible changes to the text, but can prompt web browsers to use a more appropriate font, or screen readers to use a particular kind of pronunciation, and so on. See § Rationale for more information.

Syntax and usage

The language tag should consist of an ISO 639 language code. The template supports properly formatted IETF language tags using subtags that identify the language's script, region, and/or variant. The ISO 639 language code is a two- or three-letter abbreviation, in lowercase, of the language's name. French, for example, has the code fr:

She said: "{{Lang|fr|Je suis française.}}" → She said: "

Je suis française. Je suis française. "

Because all languages represented by two-letter codes in ISO 639‑1 can also be represented by their three-letter equivalents in ISO 639‑2 and above, it is recommended to use the shortest language tag possible that sufficiently describes the target language.^[1] So while French could be represented by 639‑2's fra code, use the 639‑1 code fr instead. Likewise, script, region, and variant information should be included only when they provide a necessary distinction. For an up-to-date list of available language, script, region, and variant codes, please refer to the IANA's language subtag registry.

By default, this template will place articles into the relevant subcategory of Roinn-seòrsa:Articles containing non-English-language text. To suppress this – e.g. when using {{Lang}} within a wikilink or the title parameter of a citation – add the parameter |nocat=true.

Formatting

Automatic italics

{{Lang}} automatically applies italic styling when the text in {{{2}}} is written entirely in the Latn script (the Latin alphabet and its extensions), either when that is the default encoding for the language or when it is triggered by a xx-Latn language code:: {{Lang|fr|Je suis française.}} →

Je suis française. Je suis française.

''{{Lang|fr|Je suis française.}}'' →

Je suis française. Je suis française. – external markup is ignored

{{Lang|he-Latn|la`az}} ({{Lang|he|לעז}}) →

la`az Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "he-Latn" is not valid..

לעז לעז )

''{{Lang|he-Latn|la`az}}'' (''{{Lang|he|לעז}}'') →

la`az Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "he-Latn" is not valid.. ( לעז לעז ) – external markup is ignored around the he-Latn text, but will incorrectly italicize the Hebrew-character material.

When Latn script should not be italicized, there are multiple approaches:

|italic=no – renders {{{2}}} in upright font; italic markup around the template is ignored; italic markup inside the template causes an error message:: {{Lang|fr|Je suis française.|italic=no}} →

Je suis française. Je suis française.

''{{Lang|fr|Je suis française.|italic=no}}'' →

Je suis française. Je suis française.

''{{Lang|fr|Je suis ''française''.|italic=no}}'' →

[Je suis française.] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help) Je suis française. – italic markup in conflict with |italic=no

|italic=unset – disables template-provided styling; {{{2}}} is styled according to external or internal wiki markup:: {{Lang|fr|Je suis française.|italic=unset}} →

Je suis française. Je suis française.

''{{Lang|fr|Je suis française.|italic=unset}}'' →

Je suis française. Je suis française.

{{Lang|fr|''Je suis'' English.|italic=unset}} →

Je suis English. Je suis English.

{{Noitalic}} can also be used:: {{Lang|fr|Je suis {{Noitalic|English}}.}} →

Je suis . Je suis .

Language-specific templates

There are language-specific versions of this template, such as {{Lang-fr}} and {{Lang-ru}}, which are intended to be used the first time a language appears in an article. These templates will print the language's name and, when appropriate, italicize their content:

A '''kremlin''' ({{Lang-ru|кремль}}, 'castle') is a major fortified central complex ... → A kremlin (Russian: кремль, 'castle') is a major fortified central complex ...

While {{lang-xx}} templates output text in italics for languages with Latin-based scripts, if plain text is required, such as for proper names, |italic=no or {{Noitalic}} may be used:

the border town of Ventimiglia ({{Lang-fr|Vintimille}}) → the border town of Ventimiglia (French: Vintimille)
the border town of Ventimiglia ({{Lang-fr|italic=no|Vintimille}}) → the border town of Ventimiglia (French: Vintimille)
the border town of Ventimiglia ({{Lang-fr|{{Noitalic|Vintimille}}}}) → the border town of Ventimiglia (French: )

When formatting foreign-language text to match style guidelines, it is best to exclude the styling markup from the template, so that any extraneous markup which is not from the foreign language does not receive incorrect metadata for that language. This includes: English-language quotation marks around titles of works in languages that use other quotation character glyphs; italicization of titles in languages which do not use that convention; and emphasis that is not found (in one style or another) in the original foreign text; among other cases. If in doubt, put such markup outside the template when possible.

Right-to-left languages

To embed a string of right-to-left text (such as Arabic or Hebrew) within the usual left-to-right context, |rtl=yes should be added to correctly communicate writing direction. For convenience, the {{Rtl-lang}} template accomplishes the same result by automatically including |rtl=yes. To markup a whole paragraph of right-to-left text, {{rtl-Para}} should be used instead.

Any of these approaches will wrap the text in a container with the dir="rtl" attribute. In order to ensure correct rendering in browsers that do not fully support HTML 5 bidirectional isolation, a left-to-right mark is also added to the end of the text (see the W3C for details).

Note that text direction does not need to be specified when using the {{lang-xx}} templates, as this is implied by the template's language. Therefore there is no {{Rtl-lang-ar}}, only {{Lang-ar}}.

Parameters

Lang supported parameters
parameter	definition	yields to	alias
`code`	IETF language tag for the content in `text`	–	`{{{1}}}`
`text`	non-English text	–	`{{{2}}}`
`rtl`	`yes` indicates that the writing system used for the content in `text` is right-to-left; accepted values are: `no` (default), `yes`	IETF script subtag in `code` (if provided)
`italic`	see table "Lang \|italic= parameter operation"; accepted values are: `yes`, `no`, `unset`, `invert`, `default`	–	`italics`,`i`
`size`	specifies font size of the content in `text`; use a value suitable for use with the CSS `font-size` property; this should almost always be a relative value supplied in `%` or `Em` units, not a fixed `px` value.	–
`nocat`	inhibits automatic categorization; mirror version of `cat`; accepted values are: `yes`, `y`, `true`, `t`, `on`, `1`	–
`cat`	inhibits automatic categorization; mirror version of `nocat`; accepted values are: `no`, `n`, `false`, `f`, `off`, `0`	–

Lang |italic= parameter operation
\|italic= value	description	example code	result	html markup
parameter not present; parameter present, not set; invalid value	module applies style from: auto-italics or script subtag `latn`; else inherits from external markup; invalid values treated as default	`{{Lang\|ru\|тундра}}`	тундра тундра	`<span lang="ru" title="Russian language text">тундра</span> <span class="Cyrl" lang="ru">тундра</span>`
		`{{Lang\|ru\|tûndra}}`	tûndra tûndra	`<i lang="ru" title="Russian language text">tûndra</i> <span class="None" lang="ru">tûndra</span>` Incorrect markup; this requires `\|ru-latn`.
		`{{Lang\|fr\|toundra}}`	toundra toundra	`<i lang="fr" title="French language text">toundra</i> <span class="Latn" lang="fr">toundra</span>`
		`{{Lang\|ru-latn\|tûndra}}`	tûndra Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..	`<i lang="ru-Latn" title="Russian language text">tûndra</i> <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-cbd955b2">Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..</span></strong>`
`default`		`{{Lang\|ru\|тундра\|italic=default}}`	тундра тундра	`<span lang="ru" title="Russian language text">тундра</span> <span class="Cyrl" lang="ru">тундра</span>`
		`{{Lang\|fr\|toundra\|italic=default}}`	toundra toundra	`<i lang="fr" title="French language text">toundra</i> <span class="Latn" lang="fr">toundra</span>`
		`{{Lang\|ru-latn\|tûndra\|italic=default}}`	tûndra Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..	`<i lang="ru-Latn" title="Russian language text">tûndra</i> <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-cbd955b2">Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..</span></strong>`
`no`	module applies upright style; overrides auto-italics overrides script subtag `latn`; overrides external markup	`{{Lang\|ru\|тундра\|italic=no}}`	тундра тундра	`<span lang="ru" style="font-style:normal;" title="Russian language text">тундра</span> <span class="Cyrl" lang="ru">тундра</span>`
		`{{Lang\|fr\|toundra\|italic=no}}`	toundra toundra	`<span lang="fr" style="font-style:normal;" title="French language text">toundra</span> <span class="Latn" lang="fr">toundra</span>`
		`{{Lang\|ru-latn\|tûndra\|italic=no}}`	tûndra Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..	`<span lang="ru-Latn" style="font-style:normal;" title="Russian language text">tûndra</span> <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-cbd955b2">Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..</span></strong>`
		`''{{Lang\|fr\|toundra\|italic=no}}''`	toundra toundra \|\| `'' <span lang="fr" style="font-style:normal;" title="French language text">toundra</span> <span class="Latn" lang="fr">toundra</span> ''`
`yes`	module applies italic style; ignores auto-italics; ignores script subtag `latn`	`{{Lang\|ru\|тундра\|italic=yes}}`	тундра тундра	`<i lang="ru" title="Russian language text">тундра</i> <span class="Cyrl" lang="ru">тундра</span>`
`yes`		`{{Lang\|ru-latn\|tûndra\|italic=yes}}`	tûndra Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..	`<i lang="ru-Latn" title="Russian language text">tûndra</i> <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-cbd955b2">Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..</span></strong>`
`unset`	module applies no style; inherits style from external markup; disables auto-italics overrides script subtag `latn`;	`{{Lang\|ru\|тундра\|italic=unset}}`	тундра тундра	`<span lang="ru" title="Russian language text">тундра</span> <span class="Cyrl" lang="ru">тундра</span>`
		`''{{Lang\|ru\|тундра\|italic=unset}}''`	тундра тундра \|\| `'' <span lang="ru" title="Russian language text">тундра</span> <span class="Cyrl" lang="ru">тундра</span> ''`
		`{{Lang\|ru-latn\|tûndra\|italic=unset}}`	tûndra Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..	`<span lang="ru-Latn" title="Russian language text">tûndra</span> <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-cbd955b2">Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..</span></strong>`
		`''{{Lang\|ru-latn\|tûndra\|italic=unset}}''`	tûndra Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid.. \|\| `'' <span lang="ru-Latn" title="Russian language text">tûndra</span> <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-cbd955b2">Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..</span></strong> ''`
`invert`	module applies no style; inverts style in internal markup; disables auto-italics overrides script subtag `latn`;	`{{Lang\|ru\|тундра\|italic=invert}}`	тундра тундра	`<span lang="ru" title="Russian language text">''тундра''</span> <span class="Cyrl" lang="ru">тундра</span>`
		`{{Lang\|ru\|''тундра''\|italic=invert}}`	тундра тундра	`<span lang="ru" title="Russian language text">тундра</span> <span class="Cyrl" lang="ru">''тундра''</span>`
		`{{Lang\|ru-latn\|tûndra\|italic=invert}}`	tûndra Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..	`<span lang="ru-Latn" title="Russian language text">''tûndra''</span> <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-cbd955b2">Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..</span></strong>`
		`{{Lang\|ru-latn\|''tûndra''\|italic=invert}}`	tûndra Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..	`<span lang="ru-Latn" title="Russian language text">tûndra</span> <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-cbd955b2">Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "ru-latn" is not valid..</span></strong>`

compare |italic=invert to |italic=unset:

{{Lang|de|... ein neues Opernprojekt in Angriff: ''Das Käthchen von Heilbronn'', nach Heinrich von Kleists gleichnamigem Drama.|italic=invert}}

... ein neues Opernprojekt in Angriff: Das Käthchen von Heilbronn, nach Heinrich von Kleists gleichnamigem Drama. ... ein neues Opernprojekt in Angriff: Das Käthchen von Heilbronn, nach Heinrich von Kleists gleichnamigem Drama.

{{Lang|de|''... ein neues Opernprojekt in Angriff: ''Das Käthchen von Heilbronn'', nach Heinrich von Kleists gleichnamigem Drama.''|italic=unset}}

... ein neues Opernprojekt in Angriff: Das Käthchen von Heilbronn, nach Heinrich von Kleists gleichnamigem Drama. ... ein neues Opernprojekt in Angriff: Das Käthchen von Heilbronn, nach Heinrich von Kleists gleichnamigem Drama.

Indicating writing script

If necessary, an ISO 15924 script code can be appended to a language code to indicate the use of a specific script. For instance, Tajik (tg) is a language which can be found written in Arabic (Arab), Latin (Latn), and Cyrillic (Cyrl) scripts, making it necessary to always specify which script is in use. In such a case, taking care to preserve the script code's capitalization, we could end up with the following code (language tags in bold):

Tajik ({{Rtl-lang|tg-Arab|تاجیکی}}, ''{{Lang|tg-Latn|toçikī}}'', {{Lang|tg-Cyrl|тоҷикӣ}})

Tajik (Teamplaid:Rtl-lang,

toçikī Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "tg-Latn" is not valid.. , тоҷикӣ Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "tg-Cyrl" is not valid.. )

Many languages, however, are so commonly written in one particular script that specifying the script is unnecessary. Russian, for instance, is almost exclusively written in Cyrillic, so there is no need to specify ru-Cyrl, just as en-Latn would be unnecessary for English. The subtag registry contains up-to-date information on which languages have script codes that should be "suppressed".

Transliteration

To mark a language which has been transliterated from one script into another, append the new script's code to the code of the original language. So if transliterating from Russian Cyrillic to a Latin script, the language tag on the transliteration would be ru-Latn. If the transliteration scheme is known, and listed as a "variant" in the subtag registry, it can be appended after any script and region codes. For example, Chinese transliterated into a Latin script using the pinyin system would be zh-Latn-pinyin. As a convenience for transliterating to Latin scripts, and to work around browser styling issues with some language and script combinations, {{Transl}} may be used in place of {{Lang}}:

Moscow ({{Lang|ru|Москва́}}, {{Transl|ru|Moskva}})

Moscow (

Москва́ Москва́ , Teamplaid:Transl)

To specify a transliteration scheme, such as the ISO transliteration standard for Cyrillic, use {{Transl|ru|ISO|Moskva}}.

Undetermined language

The {{Lang}} template is not only used to specify the language of foreign words, but can also be used to specify a single symbol or character in a script, unrelated to any specific language. Many times the character or symbol is used in several languages, but when the article refers to the grapheme itself, the ISO 639‑2 language code und, for Undetermined language, should be used:

The {{Lang|und-Hani|字}} Han character has 6 strokes.

The

字 Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "und-Hani" is not valid..

Han character has 6 strokes.

Han characters are used in Chinese, Japanese, sometimes Korean, and formerly Vietnamese, and in this case the character is not used for any specific language. Note that the script code used is Hani, which specifies generic Han characters (Hanzi, Kanji, Hanja).

Compare {{Script}} usage:

The {{Script|Hani|字}} Han character has 6 strokes.

The Teamplaid:Script Han character has 6 strokes.

Indicating regional variant

When it is necessary to indicate region-specific language, an ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, or UN M.49 region code, should be added to the language tag, taking care to preserve capitalization. For example, Portuguese (pt) as used in Brazil (BR) could be represented as pt-BR, and Spanish as used in Latin America as es-419.

Additionally, language, script, and region codes can all appear in the same tag. For instance, the code zh-Hant-TW should be used for Chinese text written with Traditional Chinese characters, containing words or expressions specific to Taiwan:

Taiwan ({{Lang|zh-Hant-TW|臺灣}}, {{Transl|zh|Táiwān}})

Taiwan (

臺灣 Lua error in Mòideal:script_utilities at line 14: The language code "zh-Hant-TW" is not valid.. , Teamplaid:Transl)

Rationale

Web browsers can use the information in such multilingual support templates to choose an appropriate font.
- This is great for CJK where a character can be given its language-specific shape but will fall back to another form if no appropriate font is found or if the preferred font lacks that character, for example because the language does not make use of that character: see Han unification § Examples of language-dependent glyphs and these comparison tables with a screenshot.
For accessibility – screen readers need language info to speak text in the correct language – and to satisfy Wikipedia accessibility guidelines.^[2]
For spell checkers and grammar checkers.
To help browsers choose appropriate quotation marks,^[3] and make decisions about hyphenation,^[3] ligatures,^[4] and spacing.^[3]
Users can apply styles to languages in their style sheets (useful for editors).
Search engines can use this information when indexing text.
Facilitates better data-scraping, parsing and re-use.
Useful for application developers who re-publish Wikipedia (also see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Other languages).
Useful for research or compiling statistics about language use in Wikipedia.

Applying styles

Registered users can apply custom CSS styles to articles by placing style declarations in their user style sheet. The user style sheet can be created at Special:Mypage/common.css. For more information, see Help:User style. The following examples should work in most modern browsers, but not in Internet Explorer 8 or earlier, which lack support for attribute selectors.

To apply a specific font to all text marked as Russian of any script or region:

[Lang|=ru] { font-family: fonteskaya; }
/*   or   */
:Lang(ru) { font-family: fonteskaya; }

To apply a specific font to text marked simply as Russian:

[Lang=ru] { font-family: fonteskaya; }

To apply a color to all text marked with any language:

[Lang] { color: green; }

If a font name contains characters besides basic Latin letters or hyphens, it is a good idea to enclose it in quotation marks because some such characters have special meanings (the most common case needing quotation marks is a multi-word font name with space characters). Quotation marks are also required for font families containing generic-family keywords ('inherit', 'serif', 'sans-serif', 'monospace', 'fantasy', and 'cursive'). See the W3C for more details.

You can combine this with font imports in your user stylesheet, for example, to show all German text in Fraktur and all Urdu in Noto Nastaliq Urdu Regular:

<SZyntaxhighlight Lang="css"> @import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=UnifrakturMaguntia); @import url(http://fonts.googleapis.com/earlyaccess/notonastaliqurdudraft.css);

Lang(de) {

  font-family: UnifrakturMaguntia;
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: normal;

}

Lang(ur) {

   font-family: "Noto Nastaliq Urdu Regular", "Noto Nastaliq Urdu";

}

</syntaxhighlight>

then the following wikitext will look like the image below:

Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den Sylter Deich

{{Lang|de|Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den Sylter Deich}}

ٹھنڈ میں، ایک قحط زدہ گاؤں سے گزرتے وقت ایک چڑچڑے، بااثر و فارغ شخص کو بعض جل پری نما اژدہے نظر آئے۔

{{Lang|ur|ٹھنڈ میں، ایک قحط زدہ گاؤں سے گزرتے وقت ایک چڑچڑے، بااثر و فارغ شخص کو بعض جل پری نما اژدہے نظر آئے۔}}

Teamplaid:Wide image

Roinnean-seòrsa tracaidh - Tracking categories

Articles that have errors are placed in:

Roinn-seòrsa:Lang and Lang-xx template errors (mainspace only)

Maintenance categories:

Roinn-seòrsa:Lang and Lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1

Teamplaid-dàta - TemplateData

This is the TemplateData documentation for this template used by VisualEditor and other tools.

Lang

Indicate that a given span of text belongs to a particular language. Allows browsers to correctly present and pronounce foreign languages.

Paramadairean na teamplaide[Stiùirich an TemplateData]
Is fhearr leis an teamplaid seo fòrmatadh nam paramadairean am broinn na loidhne.
Paramadair		Tuairisgeul	Seòrsa	Staid
Language tag	`1` `code`	A language tag, or an ISO 639 language code. Ball-eisimpleir fr	Sreang	riatanach
Text	`2` `text`	The text belonging to the language specified. Ball-eisimpleir Je suis française.	Sreang	riatanach
Right to left	`rtl`	Indicates that the language should be displayed from right to left. Bun-roghainn no Ball-eisimpleir yes	Sreang	roghainneil
Italicise	`italic` `italics`	default, yes, no, unset	Booleach	roghainneil
Font-size	`size`	sets font-size Ball-eisimpleir 120%, 1.2em	Chan eil fhios	roghainneil
nocat	`nocat`	gun tuairisgeul	Chan eil fhios	roghainneil

Faic cuideachd - Also see

{{Lang-x}}
Roinn-seòrsa:Wikipedia multilingual support templates
List of ISO 639 codes (language codes)
- {{ISO 639 name}}
List of ISO 15924 codes (script codes)
List of ISO transliterations (transliteration codes)
{{Cleanup Lang}} (for articles which should use this template, but do not yet)
{{Transl}} (for romanisation of languages not natively written in the Latin alphabet
{{script}} (for specific characters)
{{wikt-Lang}} (to simultaneously tag text as a language and link to Wiktionary)
Roinn-seòrsa:Language icon templates (for visually marking external links to foreign-language content)
Roinn-seòrsa:Articles containing unknown ISO 639 language template – maintenance category

Iomraidhean - References

↑ "Language tags in HTML and XML" at World Wide Web Consortium
↑ Heilmann, Chris (13 Mar 2008). "Yahoo! search results now with natural language support". Yahoo! Developer Network Blog. Archived from the original on 25 Jan 2009. Retrieved 28 Feb 2015.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Ishida, Richard (18 November 2014). "Why use the language attribute?". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 1 Mar 2015.
↑ "6.4 Ligatures: the font-variant-ligatures property". CSS Fonts Module Level 3 W3C Candidate Recommendation 3 October 2013.

External links

W3C
- Language tags in HTML and XML – Overview
- Authoring HTML: Language declarations – Latest W3C Working Draft
- Understanding the New Language Tags
- FAQ: Styling using the Lang attribute
IANA
- IANA Language Subtag Registry
- Tags for Identifying Languages (Teamplaid:IETF RFC)
- Matching of Language Tags (Teamplaid:IETF RFC)
- Language tags (obsolete per Teamplaid:IETF RFC)
Firefox
- Bug with script selection

The above documentation is transcluded from Teamplaid:Lang/documentation. (edit | history)
Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (create | mirror) and testcases (create) pages.
Please add categories to the /documentation subpage. Subpages of this template.

[1] "Language tags in HTML and XML" at World Wide Web Consortium

[2] Heilmann, Chris (13 Mar 2008). "Yahoo! search results now with natural language support". Yahoo! Developer Network Blog. Archived from the original on 25 Jan 2009. Retrieved 28 Feb 2015.

[qa-Lang-why-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Ishida, Richard (18 November 2014). "Why use the language attribute?". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 1 Mar 2015.

[4] "6.4 Ligatures: the font-variant-ligatures property". CSS Fonts Module Level 3 W3C Candidate Recommendation 3 October 2013.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]